Ukukhetha uhlelo olufanele lwefomu kuyisinqumo esibalulekile esithinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokwakha, ikhwalithi yesakhiwo, ukulawulwa kwezindleko, kanye nokusimama. Ngokusekelwe emikhubeni yomhlaba wonke kanye nolwazi lobunjiniyela oluqondene neShayina, umhlahlandlela olandelayo ohlelekile uchaza izinto ezibalulekile zokukhetha ifomu elifanele.
1. Qondanisa Izinto Zokwakha Ifomu Nohlobo Lwephrojekthi
| Uhlobo Lephrojekthi | Uhlobo Lomsebenzi Ophakanyisiwe | Isilinganiso |
|---|---|---|
| Izakhiwo zokuhlala eziphakeme / ezijwayelekile | Ifomu le-aluminium alloy | Ukushintshashintsha okuphezulu (imijikelezo engu-200–300), isikhathi sokujikeleza esisheshayo (izinsuku ezingu-4–5/phansi), amalunga amancane, ukuqeda ukhonkolo okuhle kakhulu, ukuncika okuncane kwabasebenzi ekuhleleni okuphindaphindiwe. |
| Izinsika zebhuloho, ama-girder amabhokisi | I-formwork yensimbi | Umthamo womthwalo ophezulu (>60 kN/m²), ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokushayisana, okuhlala isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu eseceleni kanye nokuthululwa okukhulu. |
| Izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zejometri / amafomu okwakha | Ifomu lokhuni elihlanganisiwe | Ingenziwa ngokwezifiso kakhulu—ingasikwa, igotshwe, noma ibunjwe ngama-curve, ama-dome, kanye nezinto ezingezona ezejwayelekile; ilungele izinto eziphansi, ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. |
| Izitshalo zezimboni / izindonga ezijwayelekile | Ifomu lepulasitiki / ipulasitiki-insimbi | Ubuso obubushelelezi, asikho isidingo se-ejenti yokukhulula, kulula ukuhlanza, kunciphisa izindleko zokuqeda ngemva kokuthulula ezisetshenziswa odongeni nasezindaweni eziphindaphindwayo. |
| Amaphrojekthi aluhlaza / angenawo umoya ongcolile | Ifomu le-magnesium alloy | Ilula ngo-30% kune-aluminium, izinsiza zasekhaya ezingu-100% eShayina, umthelela ophansi kakhulu wekhabhoni phakathi kwezinketho zensimbi. |
2. I-Decision Matrix: Ukusebenza Okuqhathanisayo
| Isikhombisi | Insimbi Formwork | Ifomu Lokwenza I-Aluminium Alloy | Ifomu Lokhuni | Plastic Formwork | Ifomu Lokwenza I-Magnesium Alloy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Izindleko zokuqala | High | Ukuncishiswa kwentengo ephezulu (kodwa ephansi) | ongaphakeme | Medium | Okuphakathi–Okuphezulu (okwehliswayo esikalini) |
| Imijikelezo Yokuguquka | 40-80 | 200-300 | 30-50 | > 250 | |
| Isisindo | 40–60 kg/m² | 15–20 kg/m² | 10–15 kg/m² | 8–12 kg/m² | 12–16 kg/m² |
| Isivinini sokufaka | Iphansi (idinga i-crane, abasebenzi abanekhono) | Okuphezulu (20–30 m²/umuntu/ngosuku) | Okuphakathi nendawo (kulula ukukusika, kodwa amalunga maningi) | Okuphezulu (okulula, ukuhlanganiswa okusheshayo) | Ukufakwa okuphezulu (okuhlanganisiwe, ukuhlanganiswa okuncane) |
| Ikhwalithi Yomphezulu Wekhonkrithi | Kuhle (kudinga ukugqoka okulwa nokugqwala) | Kuhle kakhulu (kubushelelezi, akukho uju lwezinyosi) | Kuhle (kuthambekele ekuguqukeni ngenxa yomswakama) | Kuhle kakhulu (akunamatheli, akudingeki ukuhlanza) | Kuhle kakhulu (ukuqina okuphezulu, ukwanda okuphansi kokushisa) |
| Impembelelo yemvelo | Angase asetshenziswe kabusha, kodwa aphezulu 再生 amandla | Ingaphinde isetshenziswe ngo-100%, ikhabhoni ephansi | Isebenzisa izingodo, izinga lokusebenzisa kabusha <10% | Ingaphinde isetshenziswe (eminye iqukethe i-PVC) | Izinto zokwakha eziluhlaza ezitholakala ekhaya |
| Okufaneleke Kakhulu | Izikhawu ezinde, imithwalo esindayo, amabhuloho | Izitezi eziphakeme, izindonga ezisikiwe, izitezi ezijwayelekile | Amaphrojekthi amancane, izakhiwo zesikhashana, izimo ezingajwayelekile | Amafektri, izindonga ezingaphansi komhlaba | Izakhiwo eziphakeme, izakhiwo eziluhlaza, ukwakhiwa okulungisiwe |
Qaphela: Idatha etholakala ekulinganisweni kwensimu yemboni kanye nezincwadi zobuchwepheshe. Amanani angempela angahluka kuye ngomkhiqizi kanye nendlela yokwakha.
3. Izimiso Zokukhetha Okuyinhloko (Umkhuba Okhethekile WaseShayina)
- Ukuzivumelanisa Nesimo SezuluEzindaweni ezinomswakama ezingasogwini, gwema ukwakheka kokhuni ngenxa yokuvuvukala nokuguquka; ezindaweni ezibandayo zasenyakatho, beka phambili insimbi noma i-aluminium ukuze kuvinjwe ukuncibilika kweqhwa.
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kwenguquko: Kumaphrojekthi adlula izinyanga eziyi-6 noma anezitezi eziphindaphindayo ezingaphezu kweziyi-10, khetha izinhlelo zomjikelezo ophezulu (i-aluminium noma i-magnesium alloy) ukuze unciphise izindleko ezikhokhisiwe.
- Ukuphumelela KwabasebenziEzindaweni lapho abasebenzi beshoda khona, i-aluminium kanye ne-plastic formwork kunciphisa ukuthembela emishinini esindayo futhi kunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi ngo-30-40%.
- Ukunemba Okuphelele: Kukhonkolo oveziwe (owakhiwe), khetha izinhlelo eziqinile kakhulu—i-aluminium noma insimbi—ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwamalunga, ukungalungi kahle, kanye nokuvuza.
- Ukuphepha KwezinsizakusebenzaI-China ihlinzeka ngemithombo ye-magnesium engaphezu kuka-70% emhlabeni jikelele. Ifomu le-magnesium alloy lihambisana namasu kazwelonke “okujikeleza kwangaphakathi” kanye “ne-dual carbon”, lithola ukwesekwa okuqinile kwenqubomgomo.
4. Umkhuba Ovelayo: Ukuvela Kwefomu Lokusebenza Nge-Magnesium Alloy
Ifomu le-alloy le-Magnesium liyashintsha lisuka ekubeni yisisombululo esikhethekile liye kwesesithako esithandwayo, eliqhutshwa yi:
- Idizayini EngasindiUbuningi obungu-1.74 g/cm³—30% bulula kune-aluminium—buthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha ngo-40%.
- Ukugqwala NokuqinaUkumelana okuphezulu kwe-alkali kwandisa impilo yesevisi ngaphezu kwemijikelezo engu-250, okusebenza kahle kakhulu kunepulasitiki nensimbi evamile.
- Ukufakwa Kwe-Die Okuhlanganisiwe: Iqeda amaphuzu okushisela, ithuthukise ubuqotho besakhiwo futhi yehlise amazinga okulungisa ngo-50%.
- Inzuzo Yamasu: Uchungechunge lokuphakelwa kwempahla lwasekhaya eShayina luqinisekisa ukuqina kokuphazamiseka kwezinto zomhlaba wonke futhi lusekela izimfuneko zokwakha ezisimeme.
Izinselele Ezivamile Ekuklanyweni Kwefomu
Ukuklama amafomu akukhona nje ukubumba ukhonkolo—kungumsebenzi wobunjiniyela bezakhiwo obaluleke kakhulu lapho amaphutha okuklama eholela ngqo ezingozini zokuphepha, ukweqisa izindleko, kanye namaphutha esakhiwo. Ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni zemboni, ukwehluleka kwensimu, kanye nemikhuba yokwakha yaseShayina, izinselele zokuklama ezivame kakhulu zifaka:
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Ukubalwa Komthwalo Okwanele:
Abaklami bavame ukungawunaki umfutho osuka eceleni ovela kukhonkolo omusha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme noma ezimweni zokubekwa ngokushesha. I-ACI 347 iyalela ukuthi umsebenzi wokwakha kumele wenzelwe okungenani Ukucindezela okuseceleni okungu-24 kN/m², kodwa izimo zangempela—njengokuxubana okuphezulu kokuwa noma ukuthululwa okuphuzile—kungadlula lokhu. Ukwehluleka ukubheka imithwalo enamandla ngesikhathi sokudlidliza noma ukupompa kuholela ekuvuvukeni, ekuqhumeni, noma ekuweni. -
Imininingwane Engalungile Yokuhlangana Nokuxhumana:
Izixhumi ezingalingani kahle noma ezingalingani kahle, amabhawodi axegayo, noma ukubopha okunganele ezindaweni zokuhlangana kwe-beam-column kubangela ukuvuza nokungahambisani kahle. E-China, amaphutha angaphezu kuka-60% ekhwalithi ahlobene nomsebenzi wokwakha abuyela emuva ekwakhiweni kwama-node angemahle, ikakhulukazi ezindongeni zokusika kanye nokuma kwamakholomu okungajwayelekile. -
Ukuqina Kwesistimu Yokusekela Okwanele:
Imiklamo eminingi incike ekufakweni kwe-scaffolding okujwayelekile ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa okufanele kwendlela yomthwalo. Izinhlelo zefomu eziphakeme (isb., >28.5 m) zivame ukuwohloka ngenxa yokugoba kwezinsika eziqondile noma ukushukuma okuseceleni okuvela emoyeni noma umthwalo ongalingani. Ukuwa kwe-Beijing ephakeme ngo-2021 kwaxhunyaniswa nomklamo owawungazinaki izidingo zokubopha eceleni ngaphansi kwezimiso ze-Eurocode 3. -
Ukuguquka Okubangelwa Ukushisa Nomswakama:
Ukhuni kanye nesakhiwo esihlanganisiwe kuyavuvukala noma kugobe lapho kuvezwa umswakama noma ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Abaklami bavame ukunganaki i-coefficient yokwanda ekukhetheni izinto, okuholela ekunganeni kobukhulu kanye nokukhubazeka kobuso njengokwenza uju noma ukuqhekeka. -
Ukuntuleka Kokuhlanganiswa Kokwakha:
Abaklami bavame ukukhiqiza imidwebo ngaphandle kokubonisana namaqembu esayithi. Amajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi (isb., ama-slabs agobile, amakholomu anciphile) aklanywe nge-BIM kodwa awahunyushwa njengezigcawu zokuhlanganisa ezisebenzayo. Lokhu kuphumela ekuthuthukisweni kwendawo, ekulungisweni kabusha okwandisiwe, kanye nokwephulwa kokuphepha. -
Ukuwohloka Kwezinto Kusetshenziswa Kabusha:
Izinhlelo zefomu ezisetshenziswe kabusha zivame ukuklanywa ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa kokukhathala. Amaphaneli ensimbi aqala ukuqhekeka okuncane ngemva kwemijikelezo engaphezu kuka-50; amalunga e-aluminium ayakhululeka; izingxenye zepulasitiki ziyaqhekeka. Abaklami kumele bacacise imijikelezo yokuphila yokuklama—hhayi nje amandla okuqala—lapho ukhetha izinto zokwakha. -
Imibandela Yokufinyelela Nokuphepha Enganele:
Izinhlelo zokulungisa amafomu zivame ukuklanywa ngaphandle kokucabangela ukufinyelela kwabasebenzi ukuze kuqiniswe, kuhlolwe, noma kuphume ngokuphuthumayo. Izindinganiso ze-OSHA kanye ne-Chinese GB 50666 zidinga okungenani izindawo zokusebenza ezingama-600 mm, kodwa ama-40% ezindawo ezihloliwe ayahluleka kule nqubo. -
Ukwehluleka Ukuphendula Imithwalo Yemvelo:
Izindawo zomoya, imvula, kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba zivame ukunganakwa ekwakhiweni kwefomu. Amaphrojekthi asogwini eGuangdong naseFujian abhekane nokuphakama kwefomu ngenxa yamandla omoya angabalwanga kumaphaneli aqondile. -
Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Okungaguquguquki Ekwenziweni:
Ngisho noma kunomklamo ophelele, ukukhiqiza okubi—njenge-plywood egobile, imigodi engabhobozwanga kahle, noma ubukhulu bephaneli obungaguquki—konakalisa lonke uhlelo. Abaklami kumele bacacise ukubekezelelana (isb., ±1 mm ukuze kube yisicaba sephaneli) futhi badinga ukuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu. -
Ukuntuleka Kokuhlanganiswa Kwedijithali:
Iningi lemiklamo yefomula isenziwa nge-2D CAD, hhayi i-BIM. Lokhu kuvimbela ukutholwa kokungqubuzana, ukulingisa umthwalo, kanye nokusuka kwenani okuzenzakalelayo. Amaphrojekthi asebenzisa ama-plugin efomula ahlanganisiwe e-BIM (isb., i-BIMStudio ye-Revit) abika amaphutha okuklama angaphansi ngo-30%.
