Kwa zaka zambiri, ndakhala ndikuwona mitundu yonse ya scaffolding pamalo omanga, kuchokera pansanja zopepuka za ojambula mpaka zinyumba zazikulu zogwirira ntchito zolemera za konkriti. Kumvetsetsa magulu awa ndikofunikira pachitetezo komanso kuchita bwino.
Chipinda cha Class 4 scaffold 1 chimatanthauza gulu la mphamvu zonyamula katundu, zomwe zimapezeka mu miyezo ya ku Europe (EN 12811-1) kapena British (BS 5975), zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zithandizire katundu wapakati mpaka wolemera. Zimatanthauza kuti nsanja ya scaffold imatha kunyamula katundu wogawika mofanana wa 3.0 kN/m² (pafupifupi 300 kg pa mita imodzi ya sikweya), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera ntchito zokhudzana ndi zipangizo zambiri, zida, kapena antchito angapo.
Popanga ndi kupereka ma scaffold, monga momwe timachitira ku TSX Scaffold & Formwork Groupe, kufananiza kalasi ya scaffold ndi zomwe ntchitoyo ikufuna sikungatheke kukambirana. Kugwiritsa ntchito scaffold yopepuka kwambiri kuti katunduyo asakhale wolemera kungayambitse kulephera kwakukulu. Tiyeni tifufuze mozama tanthauzo la Class 4 ndi momwe limafananira ndi magulu ena odziwika bwino a scaffold 2.
Chifukwa Chiyani Maphunziro a Scaffold Load Ndi Ofunika?
Zaka zapitazo, ndidawonapo nsanje ya nsanja chifukwa idagwiritsidwa ntchito polemera kwambiri kuposa momwe idapangidwira. Icho chinali chisonyezero chomveka bwino cha chifukwa makalasi katundu sali chabe luso jargon; ndi za kupewa ngozi zoopsa.
Makalasi onyamula ma scaffold ndi ofunikira chifukwa amalamula kulemera kwakukulu komwe nsanja ya scaffold imatha kuthandizira, kupewa kulephera kwadongosolo, kugwa, ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito. Maguluwa, omwe amafotokozedwa ndi miyezo ya dziko kapena mayiko, amatsogolera ogwiritsa ntchito posankha scaffold yoyenera ya zida, zipangizo, ndi ogwira ntchito omwe amafunikira pa ntchito yomanga.
Kumvetsetsa Udindo wa Magulu Onyamula Pachitetezo
Chigawo chilichonse cha scaffolding, chigawo chilichonse, ndi dongosolo lonse lophatikizidwa lili ndi malire. Kupyola malire amenewa kungakhale ndi zotulukapo zowopsa, osati pa zida zokha, komanso pa miyoyo ya anthu.
| Zochitika | Zotsatira za Kumvetsetsa Maphunziro a Katundu | Chiwopsezo Chonyalanyaza Maphunziro Olemetsa |
|---|---|---|
| Makhalidwe Okhazikika | Imawonetsetsa kuti chimango ndi mapulaneti ndi olimba mokwanira kuti athe kuthana ndi kulemera kophatikiza kwa ogwira ntchito, zida, ndi zida popanda kupatuka kapena kugwa. | Zimayambitsa kuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zigawo zipindike, kusweka, kapena scaffold yonse kulephera, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwa mwadzidzidzi. |
| Chitetezo cha Ogwira Ntchito | Imateteza kugwa, kuvulala kophwanyidwa, kapena kugundidwa ndi zinthu zakugwa chifukwa cha nsanja yomwe yawonongeka. Ogwira ntchito amatha kugwira ntchito molimba mtima pamalo okhazikika. | Chiwopsezo chachikulu cha ogwira ntchito kugwa kuchokera kutalika, kutsekeka pakugwa, kapena kuvulala ndi zinthu zomwe zikugwa kuchokera pamapulatifomu osakhazikika. |
| Kusamalira Zinthu | Amatsogolera kugawa koyenera kwa zida papulatifomu, kuteteza katundu wokhazikika womwe ungayambitse kulephera kwawoko ngakhale katundu wonsewo uli mkati mwa malire. | Zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusamvana, kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zomwe zingayambitse kulephera kwa pulatifomu ngakhale gulu lonse la scaffold likuwoneka kuti ndiloyenera. |
| Kutsata Malamulo | Kutsatira miyezo ndi malamulo ovomerezeka achitetezo, kupewa chindapusa, kuchedwa kwa projekiti, ndi mangawa omwe angakhalepo mwalamulo pakachitika ngozi. | Kusatsatira malamulo kungayambitse zilango zazikulu, kuyimitsa ntchito, kuimbidwa milandu, ndi milandu ya anthu, zomwe zingawononge kwambiri mbiri ya kampani ndi zachuma. |
| Ntchito Mwachangu | Imachepetsa nthawi yocheperako chifukwa cha ngozi kapena kulephera kwa zida, imawonetsetsa kuti ntchito iyenda bwino komanso bwino, komanso imachepetsa ndalama zokonzera scaffolding yomwe yawonongeka. | Kuyimitsidwa pafupipafupi chifukwa chachitetezo, zida zowonongeka zomwe zimafunikira kuti zisinthidwe, komanso kuchedwa kwakukulu kwanthawi yantchito chifukwa cha ngozi kapena kuyendera. |
Nthawi zonse ndimatsindika ndi makasitomala anga kuti kupeputsa zofunikira zantchito ndikuyika molakwika scaffold ndikuyitanitsa tsoka. Sikuti ndi kulemera kwa anthu ochepa chabe; ndi za zida, matumba amatope, milu ya njerwa, zida zothira konkriti - zonsezi zimangowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukugwira ntchito yomanga kwambiri ndi miyala yachilengedwe, mudzafunika kalasi yapamwamba kwambiri kuposa ngati mukungojambula. Makalasiwa amapereka chilankhulo chapadziko lonse lapansi kwa mainjiniya achitetezo ndi oyang'anira malo kuti afotokozere zomwe zimafunikira pa ntchito iliyonse.
Kodi Kalasi 4 Imafananiza Bwanji ndi Makalasi Ena Osewera?
Pamene ndikukambirana za polojekiti ndi kontrakitala, chinthu choyamba chimene ndimafunsa ndi: "Ndi gulu lanji la scaffold lomwe mukufuna?" Izi nthawi yomweyo zimandiuza kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa katundu womwe tikukamba, komanso momwe dongosololi liyenera kukhalira lolimba.
Makalasi ophatikizika amatanthawuza malire ovomerezeka ololedwa pa sikweya mita imodzi ya malo a nsanja, kuyambira Kalasi 1 (ntchito yopepuka) mpaka Kalasi 6 (ntchito yolemetsa). Gulu lachinayi, lomwe lili ndi mphamvu ya 4 kN/m², limakhala m'mwamba-pakati, ndikupangitsa kuti likhale loyenera kugwira ntchito monga kuumba njerwa, ntchito ya konkire, ndi kusamalira milu yazinthu zochepetsetsa, kuthetsa kusiyana pakati pa ntchito yokonza kuwala ndi zomangamanga zapadera.
Kugawanika kwa Makalasi Onyamula Katundu Wamba
Kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makalasi kumathandiza kusankha bwino, kuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo ndi ndalama zake zikuyenda bwino. Ku Ulaya, makalasi amenewa amafotokozedwa makamaka ndi muyezo wa EN 12811-1 3.
| Kalasi (EN 12811-1) | Katundu Wogawidwa Mofanana (UDL) (kN/m²) | UDL yofanana (kg/m²) (pafupifupi.) | Mapulogalamu Osavuta |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kalasi 1 | 0.75 kN/m² | 75 makilogalamu / m² | Kuyendera, kuyeretsa kopepuka, ntchito ya facade yokhala ndi zida zamanja zokha ndi antchito. |
| Kalasi 2 | 1.50 kN/m² | 150 makilogalamu / m² | Kupenta, pulasitala, kupereka, kukonza kuwala ndi zipangizo zochepa. |
| Kalasi 3 | 2.00 kN/m² | 200 makilogalamu / m² | Kutsekereza kowala, ntchito yomanga yonse yokhala ndi zinthu zochepa zosungira. |
| Kalasi 4 | 3.00 kN/m² | 300 makilogalamu / m² | Kumanga njerwa, ntchito ya konkire, zomangamanga, kusungirako zinthu zolimbitsa thupi. |
| Kalasi 5 | 4.50 kN/m² | 450 makilogalamu / m² | Miyala yolemera, malo osungiramo zinthu (mwachitsanzo, mapaleti a njerwa), kukonza kolemera. |
| Kalasi 6 | 6.00 kN/m² | 600 makilogalamu / m² | Zomangira zolemera kwambiri, zomanga zitsulo zamapangidwe, kusungirako zinthu zazikulu, zida zolemera. |
Pamene ndinkagwira nawo ntchito yaikulu yokhalamo yokhala ndi nsanjika zambiri, kalasi ya 4 ya scaffolding inali njira yathu yopita kumalo akunja kumene amamanga njerwa. Ogwira ntchito ankafunikira malo okhala, matabwa awo, milu ya njerwa, ndi zipangizo. Chigawo cha Class 3 chikadachulukidwa mwachangu, kutha kugwa. Kwa madera okhudzana ndi kuthira konkire, makamaka ndi ma buckers a konkire yonyowa, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zitsulo zamapangidwe, tingatchule Class 5 kapena Class 6. Dongosolo la magawowa limatipatsa ndondomeko yomveka bwino ya mapangidwe apangidwe, kuwonetsetsa kuti zigawo za scaffold - monga ledgers, transoms, ndi miyezo - ndizokwanira mokwanira kuti zigwirizane ndi kukula kwake kokwanira kuti zisamalidwe bwino. Sizongokhudza kuchuluka kwa nsanja yayikulu, komanso kuthekera kwadongosolo lonse kusamutsa katunduyo pansi motetezeka.
Kodi Zofunikira Zopangira ndi Chitetezo ndi Chiyani pa Gulu la 4 Scaffold?
Kupanga scaffold Class 4 sikungokhudza kuyika mitengo pamodzi; ndizovuta zamainjiniya. Ndikayang'ananso kamangidwe kakakulu, makamaka chofunikira cha M'kalasi 4, ndimayang'ana kutsatira mosamalitsa miyezo.
Chigawo cha Class 4 chiyenera kupangidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa motsatira mfundo zoyenera za dziko ndi mayiko (monga EN 12811-1), kuwonetsetsa kuti zigawo zonse (miyezo, ma ledge, ma transoms, bracing, ndi mapulaneti) ndi zomveka bwino kuti zithe kupirira 3.0 kN/m² zomwe zagawidwa mofanana. Zofunikira zazikulu ndi monga mbale zoyambira zokwanira, kumangirira koyenera, zolumikizira zolimba, komanso kuwunika kokwanira ndi kukonza.
Zigawo Zofunika Kwambiri ndi Ma Protocol a Chitetezo
Monga wopanga mapulani a TSX Scaffold & Formwork Groupe, cholinga changa nthawi zonse chimakhala kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zathu zikukwaniritsa ndikupitilira zomwe zimafunika kwambiri pachitetezo.
| Chigawo / Mbali | Zofunikira Zachindunji pa Class 4 Scaffold | Chifukwa Chake Ndikofunikira Mkalasi 4 |
|---|---|---|
| Miyezo (Yoyimirira) | Ayenera kukula mokwanira (mwachitsanzo, 48.3 mm m'mimba mwake, machubu achitsulo osachepera 3.2 mm) ndikuyalidwa kuti anyamule katundu wolemera woyimirira kuchokera kumagulu angapo. | Amanyamula kulemera kwa nsanja, zipangizo, ndi ogwira ntchito mu utali wonse wa scaffold; miyeso yocheperako imatha kukhazikika. |
| Ledgers/Transoms (Zopingasa) | Zapangidwa kuti zithandizire nsanja zogwirira ntchito ndikusamutsa katundu ku miyezo popanda kupotoza kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri pamafunika kutalikirana kwa kalasi 4. | Thandizani mwachindunji katundu wolemera pa nsanja. Kusakwanira kwa mphamvu apa kumabweretsa kugwa kwa nsanja kapena kugwada kwambiri. |
| Kuthamanga (Diagonal) | Zofunikira polimbana ndi mphamvu zakutsogolo (mphepo) ndikupereka kukhazikika kwautali ndi kopingasa, makamaka kofunikira pakusamutsa katundu wolemetsa. | Zimalepheretsa kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka pansi pa katundu, makamaka pogwira zinthu zosuntha kapena kusintha kwadzidzidzi kulemera. |
| Mabase Plates & Grounding | Mabala akuluakulu oyambira pamtunda kapena matabwa okhawo amagawidwa pamalo olimba, osasunthika kuti ateteze kukhazikika kapena kugubuduzika pansi pa katundu wolemetsa. | Imagawa zolemetsa zolemetsa kuchokera pamiyezo kudera lalikulu, kuletsa scaffold kuti isamire kapena kugwetsa. |
| Kulumikizana (Ma Couplers/System) | Malumikizidwe onse ayenera kukhala olimba komanso ovomerezeka pazonyamula zomwe zikuyembekezeka. Pakusintha kwadongosolo (mwachitsanzo, Ringlock kuchokera ku TSX), kulumikizana kumapereka kusakhazikika. | Malumikizidwe ofooka kapena otetezedwa molakwika ndi vuto lodziwika bwino la mascaffold odzaza kwambiri. |
| Guardrails & Toeboards | Iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamapulatifomu onse ogwirira ntchito, omwe amatha kupirira kukhudzidwa kwakukulu, kuteteza kugwa ndi zinthu kuti zisagwe. | Chitetezo chosakanjanitsika, chofunikira kwambiri poteteza ogwira ntchito kuti asagwere pamtunda chifukwa cha zochitika zapamwamba pamapulatifomu a Class 4. |
| Kuyendera & Kukonzanso | Kuwunika kwatsiku ndi tsiku ndi anthu oyenerera, kuwunika kokhazikika (mwachitsanzo, sabata iliyonse), kuyika mbendera nthawi yomweyo ndikukonza zowonongeka zilizonse kapena kusakhazikika. | Kuwunika kosalekeza kumatsimikizira kuti scaffold imakhalabe yotetezeka nthawi yonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuteteza kutopa kapena kuwonongeka kuti zisasokoneze kukhulupirika kwake. |
Pa ntchito yaposachedwa ya denga lalitali komwe tidapereka scaffolding ya Class 4 Ringlock, tidafunikira kuonetsetsa kuti kulumikizana kulikonse kuli kotetezeka ndipo chonyamulira chilichonse chinali cholimba bwino. Tinagwiranso ntchito ndi makontrakitala kuti tikhazikitse dongosolo lokhwima loyang'anira katundu nambala 4 , kuphatikizapo zizindikiro zomveka bwino pamapulatifomu zomwe zikusonyeza katundu wovomerezeka kwambiri. Ndikofunikanso kuganizira za katundu wosinthasintha monga mphepo kapena kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zikukwezedwa. Scaffold ya Class 4 siyenera kungothandizira katundu wosasunthika komanso kupirira kupsinjika kwa ntchito. Njira yonseyi, kuyambira pakupanga mpaka kugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, ndiyo imapangitsa scaffold ya Class 4 kukhala yotetezeka kwambiri pantchito yake yolemetsa.
Kutsiliza
A Class 4 scaffold ndi yankho lamphamvu pantchito yapakatikati mpaka yolemetsa, yotha kuthandizira 300 kg/m². Kumvetsetsa gululi ndikofunikira pachitetezo, kuwonetsetsa kuti scaffold yoyenera imagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, ndikupewa kulephera komwe kungachitike.
Fufuzani ulalowu kuti mumvetse bwino zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga ma scaffolds a Gulu 4.
Fufuzani magulu osiyanasiyana a scaffold kuti musankhe mtundu woyenera zosowa zanu zomangira.
Dziwani muyezo wa EN 12811-1 wa scaffolding kuti muwonetsetse kuti mapulojekiti anu akutsatira malamulo achitetezo.
Mvetsetsani kufunika kwa dongosolo loyendetsera katundu posunga chitetezo cha malo oimikapo magalimoto.
